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Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements which has contiguous memory location.

Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. Additionally, The elements of an array are stored in a contiguous memory location. It is a data structure where we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array.

Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the 0th index, 2nd element is stored on 1st index and so on.

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Unlike C/C++, we can get the length of the array using the length member. In C/C++, we need to use the sizeof operator.

In Java, array is an object of a dynamically generated class. Java array inherits the Object class, and implements the Serializable as well as Cloneable interfaces. We can store primitive values or objects in an array in Java. Like C/C++, we can also create single dimentional or multidimentional arrays in Java.

Moreover, Java provides the feature of anonymous arrays which is not available in C/C++.

Advantages

• Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or sort the data efficiently.
• Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.

Disadvantages

• Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It doesn't grow its size at runtime. To solve this problem, collection framework is used in Java which grows automatically.

Types of Array in java

There are two types of array.

• Single Dimensional Array
• Multidimensional Array

Single Dimensional Array in Java

Syntax to Declare an Array in Java

Instantiation of an Array in Java

Example of Java Array

Let's see the simple example of java array, where we are going to declare, instantiate, initialize and traverse an array.

Output:

Declaration, Instantiation and Initialization of Java Array

We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java array together by:

Let's see the simple example to print this array.

Output:

For-each Loop for Java Array

We can also print the Java array using for-each loop. The Java for-each loop prints the array elements one by one. It holds an array element in a variable, then executes the body of the loop.

The syntax of the for-each loop is given below:

Let us see the example of print the elements of Java array using the for-each loop.

Output:

Passing Array to a Method in Java

We can pass the java array to method so that we can reuse the same logic on any array.

Let's see the simple example to get the minimum number of an array using a method.

Output:

Anonymous Array in Java

Java supports the feature of an anonymous array, so you don't need to declare the array while passing an array to the method.

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Output:

Returning Array from the Method

We can also return an array from the method in Java.

Output:

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if length of the array in negative, equal to the array size or greater than the array size while traversing the array.

Output:

Multidimensional Array in Java

In such case, data is stored in row and column based index (also known as matrix form).

Syntax to Declare Multidimensional Array in Java

Example to instantiate Multidimensional Array in Java

Example to initialize Multidimensional Array in Java

Example of Multidimensional Java Array

Let's see the simple example to declare, instantiate, initialize and print the 2Dimensional array.

Output:

Jagged Array in Java

If we are creating odd number of columns in a 2D array, it is known as a jagged array. In other words, it is an array of arrays with different number of columns.

Output:

What is the class name of Java array?

In Java, an array is an object. For array object, a proxy class is created whose name can be obtained by getClass().getName() method on the object.

Output:

Copying a Java Array

We can copy an array to another by the arraycopy() method of System class.

Syntax of arraycopy method

Example of Copying an Array in Java

Output:

Cloning an Array in Java

Since, Java array implements the Cloneable interface, we can create the clone of the Java array. If we create the clone of a single-dimensional array, it creates the deep copy of the Java array. It means, it will copy the actual value. But, if we create the clone of a multidimensional array, it creates the shallow copy of the Java array which means it copies the references.

Output:

Addition of 2 Matrices in Java

Let's see a simple example that adds two matrices.

Output:

Multiplication of 2 Matrices in Java

In the case of matrix multiplication, a one-row element of the first matrix is multiplied by all the columns of the second matrix which can be understood by the image given below.

Let's see a simple example to multiply two matrices of 3 rows and 3 columns.

Output:

Related Topics

1) Java Program to copy all elements of one array into another array

2) Java Program to find the frequency of each element in the array

3) Java Program to left rotate the elements of an array

4) Java Program to print the duplicate elements of an array

5) Java Program to print the elements of an array

6) Java Program to print the elements of an array in reverse order

7) Java Program to print the elements of an array present on even position

8) Java Program to print the elements of an array present on odd position

9) Java Program to print the largest element in an array

10) Java Program to print the smallest element in an array

11) Java Program to print the number of elements present in an array

12) Java Program to print the sum of all the items of the array

13) Java Program to right rotate the elements of an array

14) Java Program to sort the elements of an array in ascending order

15) Java Program to sort the elements of an array in descending order

16) Find 3rd Largest Number in an Array

17) Find 2nd Largest Number in an Array

18) Find Largest Number in an Array

19) Find 2nd Smallest Number in an Array

20) Find Smallest Number in an Array

21) Remove Duplicate Element in an Array

22) Add Two Matrices

23) Multiply Two Matrices

24) Print Odd and Even Number from an Array

25) Transpose matrix

26) Java Program to subtract the two matrices

27) Java Program to determine whether a given matrix is an identity matrix

28) Java Program to determine whether a given matrix is a sparse matrix

29) Java Program to determine whether two matrices are equal

30) Java Program to display the lower triangular matrix

31) Java Program to display the upper triangular matrix

32) Java Program to find the frequency of odd & even numbers in the given matrix

33) Java Program to find the product of two matrices

34) Java Program to find the sum of each row and each column of a matrix

35) Java Program to find the transpose of a given matrix

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Let us now understand how to create a PDF document using the iText library.

Creating an Empty PDF Document

You can create an empty PDF Document by instantiating the Document class. While instantiating this class, you need to pass a PdfDocument object as a parameter to its constructor.

Following are the steps to create an empty PDF document.

Step 1: Creating a PdfWriter object

The PdfWriter class represents the Doc Writer for a PDF. This class belongs to the package com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf. The constructor of this class accepts a string, representing the path of the file where the PDF is to be created.

Instantiate the PdfWriter class by passing a string value (representing the path where you need to create a PDF) to its constructor, as shown below.

When an object of this type is passed to a PdfDocument (class), every element added to this document will be written to the file specified.

Step 2: Creating a PdfDocument object

The PdfDocument class is the class that represents the PDF Document in iText. This class belongs to the package com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf. To instantiate this class (in writing mode), you need to pass an object of the class PdfWriter to its constructor.

Instantiate the PdfDocument class by passing the above created PdfWriter object to its constructor, as shown below.

Once a PdfDocument object is created, you can add various elements like page, font, file attachment, and event handler using the respective methods provided by its class.

Step 3: Adding an empty page

The addNewPage() method of the PdfDocument class is used to create an empty page in the PDF document.

Add an empty page to the PDF document created in the previous step as shown below.

Step 4: Creating a Document object

The Document class of the package com.itextpdf.layout is the root element while creating a self-sufficient PDF. One of the constructors of this class accepts an object of the class PdfDocument.

Instantiate the Document class by passing the object of the class PdfDocument created in the previous steps as shown below.

Step 5: Closing the Document

Close the document using the close() method of the Document class as shown below.

Example

Following is the Java program which demonstrates the creation of a PDF Document. It creates a PDF document with the name sample.pdf, adds an empty page to it, and saves it in the path C:/itextExamples/

Save this code in a file with the name create_PDF.java.

Compile and execute the saved Java file from the Command prompt using the following commands −

Upon execution, the above program creates a PDF document, displaying the following message.

If you verify the specified path, you can find the created PDF document as shown below.

Since this is an empty document, if you try to open this document, it will display an error message, as shown in the following screenshot.